For different geographic regions, other datum systems can be used. The World Geodetic System WGS84 ellipsoid is now generally used to model the Earth in the UTM coordinate system, which means current UTM northing at a given point can differ up to 200 meters from the old. For the remaining areas of Earth, including Hawaii, the International Ellipsoid was used. For areas within the contiguous United States the Clarke Ellipsoid of 1866 was used. From 1947 onward the US Army employed a very similar system, but with the now-standard 0.9996 scale factor at the central meridian as opposed to the German 1.0.
It was probably carried out by the Abteilung für Luftbildwesen (Department for Aerial Photography). However, a series of aerial photos found in the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (the military section of the German Federal Archives) apparently dating from 1943–1944 bear the inscription UTMREF followed by grid letters and digits, and projected according to the transverse Mercator, a finding that would indicate that something called the UTM Reference system was developed in the 1942–43 time frame by the Wehrmacht. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) website states that the system was developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, starting in the early 1940s. 4.1.2 From UTM coordinates (E, N, Zone, Hemi) to latitude, longitude (φ, λ).
4.1.1 From latitude, longitude ( φ, λ) to UTM coordinates (E, N).4 Locating a position using UTM coordinates.† This scale can be used by multiplying or dividing one of the scales printed on the tool by 10.įor example, a 1:100,000 x 10km tool can be used as a 1:10,000 x 1km tool by dividing the scale and grid distance by 10, and as a 1:1,000,000 x 100km tool by multiplying the scale and grid distance by 10. The size of a music CD, so it tucks away in more storage spaces.
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